Are Prisons Obsolete By Angela Davis - 1513 Words

Angela Davis is the author of Are Prisons Obsolete?. Davis lays out the facts about incarceration and how it has effected our society; not to mention how it has played a major role in our history. Davis outlines the significant importance that incarceration has towards minorities in America. She goes on to identifies race, gender, and class as being a part of the problem of incarceration. Davis takes the stance of not having prisons in our society, period. She does believe that we can have some sort of a reform; however she believes that can only be accomplished by a social up rise. Overall she is a firm believer in a society where no one is caged. Davis reveals that race and gender has played a huge role in our nation s history. What is very interesting is the fact that she takes these topics and goes with it in two totally different directions. She does elaborate the importance of how race and gender plays a massive role in her belief of prisons as sites of massive inequality but she casts a much broader light on other things. The function and pure nature of the prison system is also shaped in a questionable way. This also shines light towards our society that relies so heavily on incarceration. The discussion is then shifted away from questions about crime and punishment and toward concerns for social justice and human rights. The racial aspects of her findings will largely be familiar to anyone who has thought seriously about prisons before the excessShow MoreRelatedAre Prisons Obsolete By Angela Davis Essay1306 Words   |  6 Pagesnorms of the 21st century. In the novel, â€Å"Are Prisons Obsolete† by Angela Davi s, she emphasizes the underlining problems faced within modern day prisons. More specifically on how the reformation of these prisons have ultimately backfired causing the number of imprisonments to sky rocket drastically. Which results in the concept of the prison system being a lot more harmful than helpful to the prison-based communities nationwide. How is it that prison reformers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuriesRead MoreAre Prisons Obsolete? By Angela Davis1540 Words   |  7 Pagesthe books asked a question like Angela Davis’ book, â€Å" Are Prisons Obsolete?†. When I read the title it did not get me thinking about the why’s and how’s because I thought I had the answer right away, the answer I thought I had was that prisons are necessary. That answer was with me until I started to actually read her book and understand that it took more to comprehend Davis’ thinking in writing the book than just answering the question that was on the cover. Davis wrote the book for the people thatRead MoreCritical Review On Angela Davis873 Words   |  4 Pages Annabelle Villegas ENG 106 Professor Asbell 10 March 2017 Critical Book Review Angela Davis is best known for being a political activist for social issues as well as being a member of the Black Panther Party and Communist party. Davis is well educated and received wide attention when she was fired from UCLA for being a member in the communist party. She also received wide attention when a takeover in a courtroom which killed several people by a gun was registered under her name. She was put onRead MoreEssay about Mass Incarceration of African Americans2060 Words   |  9 Pagesminorities in life are left with less opportunists, they loose access to normal societal things,and on top of that have to face life long stigma. The primary reason for the explosion in the prison population, Alexander argued, is the War on Drugs. In general, African Americans serve almost as much time in federal prison for a drug offense... In 2002, about 2.4% of all marijuana users were arrested for marijuana possession, but the arrest rate of African Americans for possession was 94% higher than theRead MoreAmerican Incarceration : Where We Are, And What Can Be Done?1518 Words   |  7 Pagesprivatization of the prison industrial complex contributes substantially to the state of mass incarceration in the United States and will continue to shape its future for the years to come. I will approach the writings of Angela Davis and Wilson Gilmore by comparing their theories on the profit motive behind the recent upward trend in the rate of incarcerated individuals in the United States in the past thirty years. To do so, I will analyze Davis essay on theRead MoreAnalysis Of Angela Y Davis s The Black Panther Party1384 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical liberation was the privatization of prisons which allowed corporations to set motives that increase the prison population, and normalize imprisonment as a way to solve social problems. For Instance, the Black Panther Party was a radical organization that challenged the status quo and a major response to pushback the work they were doing was to criminalize their behavior, in order to maintain the status quo and maintain whiteness. THESIS: Angela Y Davis is an anti abolitionist scholar who hasRead MoreImmigartion, Incarceration and Deportation Essays2642 Words   |  11 Pagesother Immigration departments to deport them. Most of the time undocumented people get deported because they cannot afford to pay a lawyer and try to do something to remain in this country. As I was reading Are prison obsolete by Angela Davis, she talks about the history of prisons around the world and in the United States and how they link together as an alternative to punitive punishment. The concept of personal liberty and the thought of taking away personal liberty as a form of punishment;Read MoreSlavery and Mass Incarceration2562 Words   |  11 Pagescivilization. Concerning chattel slavery in America, Blacks are still living through remnants of it redesigned to reflect a modern day perspective. An unknown author wrote if we are not careful history will repeat itself. This is true regarding the Prison Industrial Complex. After the Emancipation Proclamation, very few slaves were free, only those slaves in states or territories under rebellion were freed. [ (PBS) ] After the south fell to the north at the end of the civil war all blacks were freeRead MoreSpeech on Capital Punishment Should Not Be Abolished2506 Words   |  11 PagesSt. Martins Press, 1997. Angela Y. Davis Are Prisons Obsolete? New York: Open Media, 2003. Kevin Davis Defending the Damned: Inside Chicagos Cook County Public Defenders Office. New York: Atria, 2007. Rolando V. del Carmen and Chad R. Trulson Juvenile Justice: The System, Process and Law. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2005. Jack L. Goldsmith The Terror Presidency: Law and Judgment Inside the Bush Administration. New York: Norton, 2007. Tara Herivel and Paul Wright Prison Nation: The Warehousing ofRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesâ€Å"The Future Growth of the Population of South Africa and Its Probable Age,† Population Studies 4, no. 1 (1950): 3–46; Angus Maddison’s data sets on world population, www.ggdc.net/ maddison; U.S. historical statistics at www.census.gov; Kingsley Davis, â€Å"Recent Population Trends in the New World: An Over-All View,† Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 316 (March 1958): 1–10; Chandra Jayawardena, â€Å"Migration and Social Change: A Survey of Indian Communities Overseas,† Geographical

Coming From An Awareness Of Language By Malcolm X

In Malcolm X s biography Coming to an Awareness of Language he reveals that he struggled with expressing himself in his writing due to lack of education. He grew up speaking only slang and even though he was well respected for being one of the best speakers in the streets, it didn t get him very far when he needed to be seen in the eyes of professionals. While incarcerated inNorfolk Prison Colony, Malcolm X wrote to various people about a variety of issues that he deemed important. However none of those letters were responded to,and his desire to be taken seriously led him to expand his education. X’s essay was effective to show people that language is a weapon; it s only as powerful as the person behind it. In this excerpt X realizes that the knowledge of language has an effect on how people perceive you. X recalls about how in the streets, he was the most articulate hustler out there. I commanded attention when I said something. (X, 69).However while being in prison, he re alized his street slang was not getting him the attention he thought he deserved - or any attention at all. His language limited him from being able to express his passion for the issues that he wrote about.While incarcerated Malcolm s brother would visit him and talk to X about his recent conversion to the Muslim religion. Intrigued by the culture, Malcolm started to study the teachings of Elijah Muhammad. At first, X wrote letters to a variety of individuals such as Sammy the Pimp, JohnShow MoreRelatedEssay about Coming to an Awareness of Language742 Words   |  3 PagesComing To an Awareness of Language In the short narrative, Coming to an Awareness of Language, by Malcolm X, we are told the story of how a young Malcolm X developed from a illiterate street hustler to a self educated man in prison who would later go on to lead the Nation of Islam. Malcolm X recalls his stay in the Norfolk Prison Colony School as never feeling â€Å"so truly free in life.† OInTThe reader gets a firsthand account of the story from Malcolm X, which gives the audience a better and moreRead MoreMalcolm X : War Between Race1461 Words   |  6 PagesMartinez Nov. 15, 2016 Malcolm X: War between Race Malcolm X, born on March 25, 2016 in Omaha, Nebraska, is a prominent figure for the African-American in the United States during the Civil Rights Movement. His experience as an ghettoed African-American youth has exceptionally brought hope to the African-American community even in the midst of hatred and oppression in a white privileged society. Malcolm’s exceptional leadership was the roots of his underlying experience from a young African-AmericanRead MoreAnalysis Of Mother Tongue By Amy Tan1058 Words   |  5 Pages In the article Mother Tongue, Amy Tan reveals the struggles of being the daughter of a Chinese American, and how language barriers proved to be a constant struggle. Throughout her article, she touches upon the disrespect her mother got because of her underdeveloped English, and how it affected her life as she grew up. Tan describes how she had to pose as her mother over the telephone to make sure her mother got the service she deserved. She empathizes with her mother and how her mothers intelligenceRead MoreWhat Motivates Me For College988 Words   |  4 PagesAngeles. Now they are more proud than ever, me being the first one in my family to attend a university. My parents will always be my biggest motivators. One reason why my parents will always be my biggest motivators is because they know what s right from wrong and they know life. They tell me and always pushed me to do my best no matter what. They told me I m going to have a lot of distraction and a lot of things I do not want to go through but, its going to happen, thats just life. In the beginningRead MoreBiography of Malcolm X Essay2268 Words   |  10 PagesBiography of Malcolm X On May 19, 1925 in Omaha, Nebraska, Malcolm Little was born to Reverend Earl and Louise Little. Rev. Little, who believed in self-determination and worked for the unity of black people. Malcolm was raised in a background of ethnic awareness and dignity, but violence was sparked by white racists trying to stop black people such as Rev. Little from preaching the black cause. The history of Malcolms dedication to black people, like that of his Read MoreDuring The Mid-1960S To 1980, The Black Power Movement1362 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican Americans in the United States. This time frame increased the self-determination of black pride and the empowering movements that took place across the nation. The development of organizations influence African Americans to form unity, group awareness, and institutions in order to enhance the race as a whole. Important activists stood firm in their prolific speeches, which influenced the nation to believe that change is obtainable with determination, â€Å"the changing mood of black activists usheredRead MorePeace Is Both Complex And Multifaceted1631 Words   |  7 Pagespossibility of world peace. Normal Rockwell s Illustration Golden Rule (1961), conveys the idea of peace between the greater community and the world. Its use of gold writing Do unto others as you would have them do unto you takes the Golden Rule s traight from Matthew 7:12, cementing the idea of reciprocity and peace together to form the universal identity of peace. The illustration on the cover of The Saturday Evening Post depicts roughly 25 different people: old and young, black and white, and many differentRead MoreThe Complicated Relationship Between The Black And White Americans1879 Words   |  8 PagesAmericans Amiri Baraka’s play the â€Å"Dutchman† is a portrayal about the interactions between the two major characters Lula and Clay. The two came from different races, whereas Clay is a twenty year old African American, while Lula on her thirties is a white woman. It all started when Lula had the courage to approach Clay, accusing the latter intent of staring from the window of a train. In their conversation, it demonstrates how Lula was trying to manipulate the situation, depicting the relationship betweenRead More2006 Arroyo Case Study31910 Words   |  128 PagesStandards and Technology Technology Administration †¢ Department of Commerce Baldrige National Quality Program Arroyo Fresco Community Health Center Case Study The Arroyo Fresco Community Health Center Case Study was prepared for use in the 2006 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Examiner Preparation Course. The Arroyo Fresco Community Health Center Case Study describes a fictitious nonprofit organization in the health care sector. There is no connection between the fictitious Arroyo FrescoRead More2006 Arroyo Case Study31910 Words   |  128 PagesStandards and Technology Technology Administration †¢ Department of Commerce Baldrige National Quality Program Arroyo Fresco Community Health Center Case Study The Arroyo Fresco Community Health Center Case Study was prepared for use in the 2006 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Examiner Preparation Course. The Arroyo Fresco Community Health Center Case Study describes a fictitious nonprofit organization in the health care sector. There is no connection between the fictitious Arroyo Fresco

Factors affecting course preference Free Essays

Parent involvement is somewhat of a mystery within the field of education. Teachers often wonder how to encourage more parents to attend workshops while parents question how to best support their children’s learning at home. Researchers struggle to conduct accurate studies isolating home-school collaboration as a channel for student achievement and policymakers have difficulty drafting a document that guides schools to work with â€Å"hard-to-reach† parents. We will write a custom essay sample on Factors affecting course preference or any similar topic only for you Order Now Simply stated, schools and districts across the country struggle to involve parents as partners in heir children’s education (Sheldon Hutchins, 2011). Garland 2009) found that the most significant influence on the career choice of Indian students was the father. Likewise, parent’s perceptions of their children’s interests and abilities and their specific expectations for their child’s success can affect choices, beliefs, and career actions. Similarly, because college students typically seek approval and family support regarding specific career decisions, these students will probably experience a struggle if their career decision does not align with family expectations. In a recent duty confirmed the great influence of parents relating to career choice. It has also been established that several societies across the globe emphasize collective identity and significance of family. (Bryant et al. 2009) One of the challenges facing the accounting profession has always been how to attract competent applicants. In recent years the demand for accounting graduates has been strong. Although a severe economic downturn beginning in the fall of 2008 lessened the demand for accounting graduates, the employment outlook for entry-level accountants overall is positive. The purpose of this survey study is to assess the relative importance of factors affecting students’ employment choices (Bloom Miring, 2011). The results of this study can be useful to among others, employers, students, faculty and career counselors. Recruiters could benefit from an understanding of factors students consider important when choosing among various employment offers. Greater understanding of influential decision factors can help the recruitment process, improve employee selection, and better match students with suitable employers. This could result in positive outcomes such as a more efficient acquirement strategy, greater employee satisfaction, and lower employee turnover. Accounting faculty and career advisors could also benefit from understanding factors affecting employment choices since they also help students assess employment opportunities. Today’s graduating accounting students are members of Generation Y (Gene Years), a term used to describe those who were born between 1979 and 1994. Gene Years currently range in age from 14 and 29. Gene Years are shaped by their shared experiences due to economic, political, social, and cultural 32 Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice volt. 1(2) 2011. Peer influence As we grow older, your peers actually helped shape your personality towards your strengths. You will be faced with some challenging decisions. In an article by Attar Manor she said that making decisions on your own is hard enough, but when other people get involved and try to pressure you one way or another it can be even harder. Be it school, college or workplace – making friends is important, and so is socializing, but there are ways to forge new ties and mix up with people without being pressurized by the peers. Friends never make you lose your identity, making rinds is about appreciating the differences and respecting individual tastes and still being together. Be comfortable with identity of who you are, and you will soon make new friends and be accepted by everyone. The effects of peer pressure can be prevented by simply teaching your child to be confident and comfortable in their own skin, without giving in such social influences. When making a decision it is not there is nothing involved for one to draw to their decision, one may not realize that this is process and that it is done every day several times a day. According to the text the definition of decision making is the process of choosing a course of action to deal with a problem or opportunity’ (Shoehorning, Hunt, Osborn. Uh-Been, 2010). Farmer (2010) also affirms that peers are not inherently positive or negative; they can be both good and bad. He further said that, peer friendships, group interactions, and influences are a part of positive development. Young people learn to evaluate themselves through the eyes of their peers, they get feedback on their personal characteristics, they gain social skills and confidence and they learn how to defer personal fulfillment to group goals. Young people also learn how to make themselves more attractive and interesting to others, they learn to control their aggressive reactions in the interest of fitting with others. Personal decision After a decision is made, people experience a variety of reactions. In addition, present decisions influence future decision making. Several of the outcomes that may result from a decision are regret or satisfaction; both of which influence upcoming decisions. Regret, feelings of disappointment or dissatisfaction with a choice made is one potential outcome of decision making. Interestingly, regret may shape the decision asking process. According to Abraham and Sheerer (2010), anticipated regret is the belief that the decision will be result of inaction. Anticipated regret may prompt behavior; that is, when a person indicates they will do something, such as exercise, they may follow through with their intended decision, to avoid regret. Once the decision is made, the impact of the decision, if regret is experienced, will impact future decisions. People can often get consumed with examining the other options that were available; the path not taken (Saga Friedman, 2009). Satisfaction refers to owe pleased the decision maker is with the outcome of the decision. There are many things that impact levels of satisfaction. Boots and lounger (2011) observed individuals prefer to make their own decisions and believe they will be more satisfied with their choices; however, when people are given only undesirable options, decision makers are less satisfied than those who have had the choice made for them. Future decision making is based on past decisions, as well as levels of satisfaction or regret. Even though there is evidence to support this notion, in many cases, particularly when the session may be reversed, decisions may be based on the reversibility factor (Gilbert, Bert, 2010). Significant to individuals’ satisfaction is that people are willing to pay a premium for the opportunity to change their minds at a later date. Decision making is a critical aspect to feeling successful and happy in life; decision making is at the root of all we do. It is important to develop effective decision making skills and strategies. Problem solving strategies include, but are not limited to brain storming, cost benefit analysis, written remediation plans, and an examination of possible choices. The decision making process can be complicated and overwhelming. As a result, it is valuable for individuals to learn a model to follow, that may be applied to everyday decisions, as well as life changing choices (Western, Christianson, Food, Santiago-Riviera, 2009). Justification of the study Parents are taking vital part in making decision in the lives of their children. It always been subjective that parents know what is best for their children and they want them to be in the right track. Children look for advice and approval for what is right and good for them in terms of decision making because sometimes they are fitful of what career preferences to choose if they will succeed or regret. Peer influence helps us to have decisions in life especially in the mode of work. It gives us self-assurance and at ease on the career decision we made. Collaboration with our friends and mingle with others increase and shape our personal growth to set goals for achievement in ourselves. Personal decision makes us to become independent in our life. Deciding of what you really want makes you learn from previous occurrence and to become stronger to face challenges that you will become successful in the end. How to cite Factors affecting course preference, Papers

Problems in Management System free essay sample

Problems in Management system in Bangladesh and way to mitigate them Management problem is a fundamental challenge for the country. It is essential to have efficient cost management if we want to see ourselves as an industrialized nation Problems in the management systems are: 1. Problem of managing fund: The major problem a Business firm faces in its establishment period is the problem for capital or sufficient financing problem. One of the first questions any potential entrepreneur must ask is, How do I get the money? The type of the business may be anything but the money necessary for finance is must. Without necessary fuel (money) no ship (Small Business firm) can run As a new Business, there is very few chance to raises the capital from share market. Only personal and family funds and personal loan from the friends are major source. But in this way it is very hard to raise a sufficient amount of capital. 2. Lack of Govt activities: There is a nonstop echo by the government leaders, ‘Come Sun, Come Rain’; trying to state that there is a constructive and favorable atmosphere for investment in Bangladesh. The authorities are either not working together with the relevant people with adequate response, or they are aware of the reasons for the investors stepping away, however still do not want to resolve problems purposefully with the presumption of ‘ostrich attitude’. ?Administrative coordination problem– Policies and the implementation processes are not materialized simultaneously because of lack of administrative communication and coordination among the government agencies. This situation results in high business costs and hassles for investors ? Good governance – Good governance can be defined as a desired condition of management and operations. Good governance along with efficient leadership is achieved by bringing accountability in politics and bureaucracy. Government has to reform its policies and business practices to attain good governance. Good governance can bring about efficient and productive sized government, necessary reformation of legal and judicial system, Fiscal policy and infrastructural reforms, eradication of corruption, bureaucracy and dishonesty, and many more improvements in the country. 3. Corruption: Culture and society have become corrupted through sick politics. The bureaucrats and regulatory bodies are steeped in corruption. For business enterprise, corruption works as taxation or lubrication cost. This corruption would not go up to such an extent if there were appropriate and strong legal and regulatory controls and motivational salary levels. Many companies regard bribery as just one of the costs of doing business (‘Lubrication Cost’) and show these payments as legitimate business expenses. 4. Political and Social Instability: Political and social instability is another big problem. Whether it is a giant company or a Small Business the success of a business is greatly dependant on the political and social stability of a country. Every business firm is dependant on production or purchasing and selling. In Bangladesh our political and social climate is not stable at all. There is a condition of pre-war between the ruling party and the opposition. Always they are face to face with each other. Very often they call ‘Hartal’ and strikes. Such a loss can not be sustained. According to a UNDP research strike has led to 3-4% GDP losses during the 1990s. In the period of 1991-1996, 173 days of ‘Hartal’ were been called in total. It was 140 in 1996-2001 sessions. This creates immense burden on the business firms as the shops often get vandalized during strike violence. 5. Poor law and order situation: A sound law and order situation help flourish business. But the situation has deteriorated over the years. Recent drive to improve the situation has helped but it has done damage to the business communities’ confidence. 6. Shortage of Power and Utility supply: Electricity, Gas, Water, Telephone etc. are some prerequisites for a business. In Bangladesh only the sufferer know how tough it is to get those connections. You need to pay a handsome amount o bribes to a invisible hand. Bangladesh faces a system loss often more than 40% of the gross power generation probing with the lowest per capita power consumption and network coverage of electrification among developing countries. This creates immense discouragement for investment in the power intensive industries. 7. Communication and Transportation Problem Though Bangladesh is a flat country without many obstacles like hills, but some advantage position with hundreds of river all over the country, still communication and transportation is a big problem here. Water way and Railway is used as easy way of transportation all over the world, but we use road as mostly used way of transportation. This road transportation is expensive and not easy. After the British has left this indo bangle sub-continent we could not expand much our Railway, meanwhile many route and stations are closed. Water ways are almost closed due to filtration and not for proper dredging. 8. Effect of business friendly environment: At present business friendly environment is not present in most of the cases due to: A. Differential treatment : Even though the prevailing regulations provide for equality in treatment of local and foreign investors, certain inequitable conventions are practiced with the foreign investors. Such inequalities are evident in cases of authorization necessities for foreign investment, barriers against capacity expansion, supplier’s credit, etc. B. Back up industry: Garments industry is the main foreign income source of Bangladesh, but we are not in good position as mentioned in above paragraphs. For raw materials of these garments we have to depend on another country, we could not create back up industries for this sector so past decades. So we are always in tension for this sector. C. Monopoly market: Monopoly market is not at all good for business. For example at present China is enjoying monopoly market in electronics and mobile phone market in Bangladesh. Once upon a time City Cell was the only mobile phone company in Bangladesh. Then the use of cell phone was very limited due to high call rate and High package charge. Only few people could afford it. Then came Grameen phone in the Cell phone market, But still then the call charge was quite high 7 taka/min. Then came Bangla link, Warid, Tele talk and Rabi (Alkatel) At that time monopoly market in cell phone market collapsed, people now can use any cell phone of any operator easily at a quite acceptable call rate. And business of all operator is expanding day by day. So competition market is good for business and users end (users have option) 9. Lack of efficient distribution channels: Bangladesh has one of the flattest land structures in the world. The lack of obstacles (hills, desert etc) and presence of cheaper transportation option (waterway) makes the country any supply channel manager’s dream. But unfortunately the real picture is somewhat different. The businesses lose near 40% of the perishable items due to lack of efficient distribution channel. Lack of supply chain management knowledge, a weak transportation system, and corrupt road authorities are some factors that contribute to make the system inefficient. 10. Lack of necessary raw material Lack of necessary raw material is another problem. Everyone need run and run for raw materials. Here we dont have a definite supply chain of raw materials and the producers. Entrepreneurs are ready to pay necessary money for it but there is no instable supply. Sometimes there is nothing found when necessary, sometimes all are very high in price and sometimes adequate raw materials are in the market and it is more than necessary. 11. Skilled labor: Bangladesh may be the land of cheap labor but they are also unskilled. The training institutions are not sufficient to provide the quality labor force the businesses need. 12. Lack of proper business knowledge: Most of the entrepreneurs of Bangladesh apply the traditional hit and miss approach with their businesses. They have little institutional knowledge and have little access to training as very few organizations offer quality facility. In absence of know-how relating to general accounting, branding, taxation, law etc the businesses tend to miss the opportunity that the regulatory environment offers. Internet can play a vital role here for knowledge dissemination but the access to the net is not that easy. 13. Lack of connectivity: The world has moved on to connect itself to the World Wide Web whereas Bangladesh is lagging far behind. Across the world innovative business are emerging using a clicks and mortar business model. They are leveraging the full potential of the World Wide Web. As the access to high-speed internet connection becoming cheaper by the day around the world the story is quite different for Bangladesh. Businesses have to pay a handsome amount in fact one of the world steepest fees to get access to the web. But the scenario is changing in the consumer front. Consumers now have access to the web through their cell. There is a huge opportunity to cater to the foreign customers by displaying the product in the web. But the high-speed internet connectivity is yet to reach the acceptable standard. 14. Absence of realistic data; For a proper business environment requirement of realistic data is very important. In Bangladesh perspective we are short of that both in public and private sector. For example we do not have data regarding requirement of demand of electricity for which we could not plan for production of electricity. Shortage of data sometime creates abnormal situation in our daily market life and our people can not make a plan for demand and supply. (Example: Price of commodity item, Rice, Oil etc). 15. Human Resource Management (HRM) The goals of HRM should not only be limited to ‘a shoulder to cry on’ for the employees. The HRM of an organization should involve themselves in staffing, training and development, motivation and maintenance of the employees ‘If employers don’t give a chance to the young professionals in this line and if they don’t train them, then HR positions will be taken by other nationalities and thus it would be a big loss . 16. Internal management problems: From any giant company to a cottage shop good management is a must for success. Management people should know all the arts of management. There are some problems in management cases of Bangladesh, and for this reason ?-Cannot identify target market or target customer. -Does not plan. ?-Believes advertising is an expense not an investment. ?-Only primary knowledge of pricing policy and strategy. ?-Cannot identify trading area. ?-Cannot delegate. ?-Believes loan would solve every problem. All these problems are usually created by an unskilled management people. And it is it is more that skilled people are not available in the market. Management problems are: Suggestions: Here we are some suggestions that may be helpful to improve the Management sector in Bangladesh. ?As capital is the major problem for l Business development in Bangladesh special emphasis should be put here. Commercial banks should finance Business by giving loan in low interest and for long term in easy way. ?Government should take proper steps to solve problems in the field of Coordination, Planning, and bureaucratic hassle. Red tapism must be abolished. Corrupted officials need to be punished and replaced. ?Political and social instability should be maintained. Terrorism must be sustained and keep under control. Most of our politicians are business men. So they should come in same platform for the betterment of their business and for the greater interest of the country. Govt should be in hard line to maintain law and order situation in the country at any coast. All politicians should help the Govt to wiped up the so called â€Å"Chadabaz† and â€Å"Mastan† ? For the development of the country there is nothing short cut without improving the utility services, especially in case of electricity. Govt has to plan for next decades not only for next one or two years. ?In the o rganizations there should be proper â€Å"Organizational behavior† to protect labor unrest and unseen problems from the employees. ?Training is a continuous process. It is an end less journey

Title Of Paper Germany Essays - Geography Of Europe, Europe

Title of Paper : Germany Grade Received on Report : 92% Germany ( Deutschland) Germany is a country in the middle of Europe. At the north there is the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; on the east are Poland and the Czech Republic. On the south are Austria and Switzerland and on the west are France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The official name is the Federal Republic of Germany. It has good relationships with its neighbours and other countries. Germany is in the Northern hemisphere and its capital city's are Bonn and Berlin. Population and Climate ( Bevolkerung und klima) Many people live in Germany. In 1993 Germany had an estimated population of 80,767,591. This means that Germany had about 226 people per sq km. Germany has a changing climate, with an average annual temperature of 9? C. In January the temperature changes from -6? to 1? C. This changes depending on the location. The average July temperature range from between 16? and 20? C. The some places in the north of Germany have a warmer climate than the central and southern parts of Germany. The precipitation is hers. In the south, on the Rhine, is an important industrial area on the cities of Mannheim, Ludwigshafen, and Karlsruhe. Chemicals, machinery, and building materials are made. Stuttgart is the centre of a manufacturing areas because motor vehicles, electronic equipment, office machinery, textiles, and visual instruments are created. Products that are made in Munich are aircraft, motor vehicles, clothing, and beer. Many important industrial areas located in the north west of Germany. These are the Hannover-Brunswick area, where steel, chemicals, and motor vehicles are made. Another major manufacturing area is coastal p! ort cities like Hamburg, Bremen, Kiel, and Wilhelmshaven. The products of this area are refined petroleum, processed food, beer, ships, office machinery, and printed materials. Berlin is also a major producer of electronic equipment. About 8000 companies were working in East Germany in 1990.

How Did the Constitution Guard Against Tyranny Essay Example

How Did the Constitution Guard Against Tyranny Essay Example How Did the Constitution Guard Against Tyranny Paper How Did the Constitution Guard Against Tyranny Paper The Constitution had done anything they could to defend against tyranny, but how did they do it? In 1787 55 men representing The American States met in Philadelphia to fix their government. Everybody from the States could have a say in this, and all agree equally to guarding against tyranny. Tyranny is a government in which a single ruler is vested with absolute power. The Constitution had guarded against tyranny in four different ways which were Federalism, Separation of powers, Checks and balances and Big states vs small states The beginning guard against tyranny was Federalism, which is a political concept in which a group of members are bound together by covenant. James Madison had stated in a â€Å"Federalist Newspaper† about Federalism and how it basically worked for the Colony. Federalism protects against tyranny because Federalism isnt an absolute power, its a division of power to certain members of a covenant. The additional guard against tyranny was Separation of Powers which means the government was separated into different branches. The Constitution states that the Separation of powers were legislative, executive and judicial branches. Separation of power can defend against tyranny simply because there is 3 powers, not one; which does not make America have an absolute power. The third guard against tyranny were Checks and Balances, which were the balances in the 3 branches of power. In the constitution, there is a diagram stating which branch has power for each other. This power protects against an absolute power because if each power checks on each other, they are certain that they will not become powerful then one another. The last guard against tyranny was the Big States versus the Little States which means that each state will have certain amounts of senator’s ( The bigger the state, the more senators). Articles in the Constitution state that a certain amount of representatives will be chosen for the amount of a states population. This can protect tyranny so One single representative wont become an absolute power. Federalism, Separation of Powers, Checks and balances and Big states vs small states are the four guards made to prevent tyranny in America. This question is extremely important because this little question has shaped our government and country. How the guards prevent tyranny can show anybody how our country can be stable in ways rather then countrys with absolute powers. If we didnt have the guard against tyranny, Im sure America would be a very different place.

Breaking Up Essays (256 words) - Deep As The Sea, Consquence

Breaking Up She cried, cried on my shoulder and asked me for a chance, a chance to be with her again. But her simple request was finally refused. Before seeing her tears, I couldn't know how deeply she loved me. If her tears and her love to me is postively related, she loved me as a mother loves her only son. But why did she treat me as her friend, her helper, her listener, just sometimes her boyfriend? he saying that we never care the things we now enjoy is true. When I loved her as deep as the sea is, she didn't care me much. Now when I am tired to her, she asked me for a chance to care me as much as she had never done. But it is too late. romises are nice, but hardly kept, and they should not be easily made, or disappointments are expected. Her tears made me feel sorry and guilty, but nothing more than that. She wanted me to love her as I did before by her tears, but she failed. t is fated that I and she should be friends only. But we didn't believe this fate, and now we have been tasting the consquence we should have, which left us unrecoverable wounds on my heart and hers. At this moment I don't ask my lord for anything, except a quick recovery for her. lthough her tears were out of her eyes one by one, dropping on my right shoulder, my decision was not melted.

Suitability of United Kingdom for Multinational Business Research Paper

Suitability of United Kingdom for Multinational Business - Research Paper Example The UK has a special relationship with foreign countries such as the USA and France. It is also a member of NATO, G8, G7, OECD, Commonwealth, and EU. This membership enables it to develop a good business and political relationship with foreign countries. However, the types of distance between the UK and these countries affect these relationships a great deal. According to Ghemawat (137), the different types of distance between different countries influence global trade and multinational business strategies. The specific types of distance identified by Ghemawat which affect the UK in its international trade and multinational strategies include Cultural, Administrative, Geographical and Economic distances (CAGE). In terms of cultural differences, the UK may be considered to experience distance dimension in international involvements through language differences with foreign countries, different ethnicities, different religions, and different social traditions and norms. The main featur e that makes the UK different from other countries is its British culture. For instance, the language spoken by UK citizens is British English. This differs from other languages spoken by UK’s trading partners. The language spoken in France is French while that spoken in Spain is Spanish. The language spoken in the Netherlands is Dutch while that spoken in the USA is American English. This difference in language affects multinational business strategies of multinational companies intending to enter the UK market. According to Alkema, Koster, and Williams (5), one of the most important business strategies for a multinational corporation is to maintain its core business products and services while attempting to meet the needs of its customers in the foreign country. This is always hampered by language differences because certain services are better offered and communicated using the local language of the host country than in British English. Furthermore, the social traditions, religion and ethnic communities of the UK may also not accept the products and services offered by multinational companies. Another example is that UK companies selling pork may not thrive well in countries like Russia. The second type of distance between the UK and other countries is Administrative distance. In this case, multinational business strategies and international trade between UK companies and foreign companies will be affected by the absence of shared monetary and political associations, political hostility and government policies. If the multinational companies from hostile countries intend to enter the UK market, they may face political resistance and may not thrive in those markets. For instance, some Middle East countries such as Iraq are not politically friendly to the UK because of the UK’s affiliation with the US. This makes them not to get appropriate reception in the UK. However, the UK political system is welcome to most countries and is, therefore, an a ppropriate destination for international business. Geographical distance also affects the international involvement of UK and other foreign countries (Ghemawat 142). For instance, if a country lacks a common border with the UK e.g. US, it becomes difficult for US companies to trade within the UK market. This is because it may take time to transport products from one country to another.

Singapore Airlines External Factor Analysis Essay

Singapore Airlines External Factor Analysis - Essay Example Singapore Airlines, initially the Malaysia-Singapore Airlines, started operations as an independent airlines company in 1972. The company has gained a strong position in the airline industry and the route network now has expanded to over 90 destinations in more than 40 countries. The company has been able to achieve competitive advantage through product and experience based differentiation as it pioneered the concept of entertainment and innovation in flight. It was the first airline to introduce hot meals, alcoholic and non alcoholic drinks, fragranced towels, and video on demand for the cabin crew members. The crew members are youngest in any airline industry in South Asia and they use the â€Å"Singapore Girl† as the symbolic representation of the company’s commitment to quality excellence and service delivery (Singapore Tourism Report, 2011). Further, the airline keeps the youngest fleet of aircrafts in order to minimize its fuel costs and has an impressive business model which is responsible for its astounding success. It has an efficient financial infrastructure developed and incorporates innovation and strategic management to adapt to the rapidly changing external environment of the industry. As it is the national airline, it is present in the markets of South Asia, East Asia, Europe and America. Therefore, Singapore Airline operates in a highly competitive market thus external environment is of particular importance to its strategic management and leadership. The External environment has an important impact on the airline industries in Asia especially after the augmentation of terrorism across the world. With the changing external trends globally Singapore Airlines is faced by many micro and macroeconomic pressures, socio-cultural changes, political and legal factors and also the technological pressures to constantly innovate. Below is an analysis of the four external factors affecting Singapore Airlines. Political This refers to the political set up and government intervention in the business sector. The government usually discourages private monopolies and hence would encourage competition. This means Singapore Airlines has to watch for political barriers in host countries for example it withdrew the stake in Air India because of the privatization programme of Indian government (BBC News, 2001). The government’s lobbying activities or policies regarding privatization, protection of domestic industry, contracts or subsidies can al l affect the international firms like Singapore Airlines. In politically unstable countries like India and Pakistan, the Airlines will be subject to much uncertainity in operations and will have to incur additional security costs. Even in Singapore, it does not receive any government subsidies despite the fact that it is a national airline (John, 2010) Social Factors Social factors pertain to the societal changes in tastes, preferences and consumption patterns of the consumers. A change in income levels of the society means more people can afford to travel by air rather than by rail or car hence, there can be an increase in the sales of Singapore Airlines domestic and international flights (Hill, 2008). Moreover, changes in social habits like increased preference of entertainment on flights poses a greater pressure on Singapore Airlines to provide such features to the travellers. The crash of Singapore Airline flight SQ006, at the Chiang Kai Shek International Airport in Taipei, mea nt that the company had to compensate the agitated families of victims with a total amount of $400,000 (BBC News, 2001). Moreover, the increased trend of online shopping also requires Singapore Airlines to regularly update its website and offer online selling and booking of airline tickets in Asia. The increase in terrorist activities however, has a

Importance of Conservation Essay Example for Free

Importance of Conservation Essay The term wildlife has been used to refer to species of wild plants and animals. Nature is a term which infers not only life forms but also the interactions between those life forms. Biodiversity is a comprehensive word for the degree of nature’s variety, including both the number and frequency of ecosystems, species and genes in a given assemblage. It is a word which embraces both species richness and genetic diversity, both of which are being threatened throughout the world. Species extinctions and a reduction in genetic variability is taking place at rate never before witnesses. These losses can be attributed to various factors including pollution, physical disturbance, exploitation for food and other uses, deliberate extirpation, and habitat loss and fragmentation; the last of these is undoubtedly the most serious threat. Symptomatic of the rapidly growing human population, pollution, extinctions and habitat loss are all contributing to a diminished quality of life for future generations (Spellerberg, 1992). Conservation of Botanical Diversity Plants are the basis for life on Earth and without their capacity to capture the sun’s energy through the process of photosynthesis there would be no life in our planet. Therefore the conservation of plants is vital to the continued existence of life. There are between 250 and 300 thousand species of flowering plants, an estimated 200 thousand species of ferns, conifers, mosses and liverworts, giving a total of over half a million plant species in the world. Each species has different habitat requirements, performs different ecological functions in different ecosystems and has different uses or potential uses for humankind. It is not then enough to preserve a few selected plant species. For the survival of a quality of life, and the maintenance of the physical processes such as climate patterns, atmosphere and soil, the majority of plant species are needed. It is, therefore, of utmost importance that conservation techniques for plants aim at preserving as many species as possible (Maxted, Ford-Lloyd, Hawkes, 1997). Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology Nature conservation generally focuses on land and distinguishes between two main types of protected area: the national or international parks, and reserves. Like in the case of Konza Prairie Trail, aside from research purposes, the site is also being conserved to preserve the biodiversity in the area and save the animals that are living in the site (Mason, 2007). National/international parks are heterogeneous areas in which generally different biotopes are present and in which some processes are sufficiently conserved. Reserves are generally patchy and smaller, being surrounded by an agricultural or developed matrix. Nature conservation plans are generally achieved following three main approaches: Conservation of threatened plants and animal populations; Conservation of representative biotopes (a piece of land with a particular type of nature), including communities and ecological processes; Conservation of areas with high biological and/or ecological diversity Generally conservation policies tend to conserve structures rather than processes. Landscape ecology can be useful for nature conservation because it takes into consideration the spatial arrangement of habitats, and consequently considers structures and processes as perceived by the different species. This perception often does not coincide with human perception, creating difficulties when management action is required. A compromise should be found, since in the future wild, remote and large areas will be increasingly rare because of human intrusion (Farina, 1997).

Style Essay -- Style Personality Individuality Papers

Style I often wonder what style is, and how does a person know when they are in possession of it. Style is one of the many things that seem to change form day to day for me, and I'm never sure where it might lead me. I think we all have our own style, but how can we get away from having the same style that other people have? When I look through magazines, all I read is the same thing over and over, in a little different style, or voice. Then, when I look out the window, I see people dressed in about the same fashions. These fashions may change from group to group, and age to age, but the idea of having ones own style seems to be hard to find. I think the only place where a person can have their own style is the home. But then we could fall victim to the Crate & Barrel style. For those who don't know, Crate & Barrel is a furniture store for people who like to copy the unique style of one another. So where this leads me is to the idea that the only real place where people can create their ow n style is in themselves. I think the best place to see a persons individual style is in school. I remember when I was in school, I would dress similar to the people that I hung around with. But the person that I was and am today is nothing like the friends that I had and still have. I think when a person is able to find out how they are, and what they want a personal style emerges, and the best thing about this is that we can alter it and change things as we see fit. You're probably wondering, "How do I know when I need to change my style?". The only thing that I can say is this, you'll know when it is time to change. I know that when I get a certain feeling inside, I know that I have to change something so that I can feel better about ... ...les, and we shouldn't be afraid to show them off to the people around us. How cares if we dress a little different. We are expressing our own individualities through the clothes we wear, and if other people don't like it, tuff noogies. Whoever, I think the only time we should be concerned about what others are wearing is when their style is a threat to our lives, or the life of the person wearing the garment. This concept could also be used in the other topics I wrote about in this essay. Unless there is harm to the individual, or individuals around them, we as a society shouldn't be to concerned about the styles of others. Usually these wild styles are a fads, and people will grow out of them. I know that I was able to grow out of many wild styles that my parents weren't sure if I would come out of or not. So if I was able to overcome these styles, others will to.

Street Children

Street Children â€Å"People don't love us,† says Tigiste, a 12 years old street girl from Addis Ababa. A small example of how these kids suffer everyday, as Tigiste, there are many kids like her all over the world. One of these countries that has a huge problem in this issue is Egypt. But who is a street kid? how can we classify these children by that name? and what is the number of them? â€Å"A street child is defined as any boy or girl for whom the street in the widest sense of the word has become his or her habitual abode and/or source of livelihood, and who is inadequately protected, supervised, or directed by responsible adults† (ESCWA).Omneya Ragab, writer in Al-Ahram weekly says, â€Å"Among the estimated tens of thousands children in street situations, 65% escape family problems, 30% are out in the streets to earn money for themselves and their families while 23% are forced to leave by family members. It is estimated that the number of these children is range d between 200,000 and 2,000,000. You can find them sleeping on pavements, standing at traffic, shining shoes, selling newspapers or notice them under bridges. The main cause of this phenomenon is poverty.Although there are not reliable studies, but it is assumed that â€Å"the percentage of those living on less than $1 a day is 3. 4 % while the percentage of those living on less than $2 a day is 42. 8 %†(ESCWA). Other causes are : violence, an old thought that a child has to work at an early age and stop education and falling preys for employers, a member in family or by their peers. Effects are clearly observed as this resulted to depending on charity, sexual abuse and continuing of a series of violence in general and illness.So, this essay will demonstrate the causes of this problem, then the effects in details and how can this problem be solved tackling some projects that are already done to face this. So as to analyze any problem we should know its cause which will lead u s to understand its effects in a better way. A life of a child is at stake, everyday these innocent kids are exposed to danger. First it comes from family, which circumstances affects them and lead to uncontrollability in actions whether from a member of a family or by any sudden unexpected event, like the one that happened at AL Dewe'a or by losing contact with the parents including death.This could result in displacement of these children were they can't find a place or shelter except under a bridge, infront of mosques or in any public place like gardens for example. Also, another cause is, the deprivation of education. Based on the Egyptian 2006 census, â€Å"the percentage of children between 6 and 18 years who never enrolled or who have dropped out of basic education was 14. 7 %, amounting to around three million children. The gross enrolment rate of children in basic, secondary and tertiary levels was 76. %†. It was found that the main causes of that is the violence the y suffer at home, school or at work; which lead afterwards that parents urge them to work only because that is more profitable and gives instant cash flows. The problem is that the child becomes fed up and start to search for the prefered environment but finds that in the street which is an exit to change their lives. Yet they suffer more violence with a constant feeling of insecurity; from older street children, abusive community members or from the police.So they are urged to submit, whether it was for an employer who could be an older street child or to the police and in both ways they will feel pain and humiliation. This can be by abuse, rape or other ways of torture. According to Human Rights Watch, police beatings are purely punitive or correctional in approach: in other words, they are used to â€Å"teach the children a lesson†! And by the street children you can find the worse as sexual violence may lead to unwanted pregnancies for girls and extreme injuries for both genders. Street Children [pic] NAME OF CANDIDATE: CENTER #: CANDIDATE #: TERITORY: JAMAICA YEAR: 2013 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Street children in my community ? What are the factors that influence children to live on the streets? ? What are the measures that can be taken to get them into homes/places of safety? RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What are the factors that influence children to live on the streets? 2. What are the effects of living on the streets affects these children? 3. What are the measures that can be taken to get street children off the streets? METHOD OF INVESTIGATION The method of investigation chosen is the questionnaire.The questionnaire as chosen as a tool for collecting information because of a number of advantages they are: 1. It requires less time to be completed. 2. It is highly confidential since no name is required. 3. It can be done base on the person’s schedule. REASON FOR SELECTING AREA OF RESEARCH The area in which the research will be done is the down town area. The reason for sele cting this particular area is as a result of the high rate of street children on the streets of down town. It was observed that these children have been on the street on several occasions. I want to explore the causes and effects of their phenomena.PROCEDURES FOR DATA COLLECTION In the area of Down Town Kingston there are thousands of different streets. Some of which are more crowded with street children than others. There was a minimum of 1 street children present on these streets and a maximum of 2. In the less crowded streets of the area, 10 street children were present respectively, questionnaires were given to each. On the streets which were less crowded 6 males were present and 4 females, their ages from 10-17 years. On the street that was more crowded, 16 males and 4 females present their ages also ranged from 10-17 years.When approached and asked if they would complete the questionnaire some demanded money while others immediately agreed, no one refused. Some needed little o r no help. 30 questionnaires were issued, all of which were complete and returned immediately to the researcher who waited on them patiently. When they were finished and counted 8 females and 22 males actually completed the questionnaires. DATA ANALYSIS Street children, where is their place in society? Red Rat, a local DJ aptly describes Jamaicans view on the home of street children when he sang that they â€Å"No Live Nuh Wey†.His song also highlights the hardship experienced by children, the activities they get involved in and their aspirations. This project then, seeks to answer two main questions: 1. Why are these children living on the streets of my community? 2. What are the measures that can be taken to get street children off the streets? In order to provide a comprehensive answer to these two questions, the project will first look at the major cause of this phenomenon, urbanization. It will then look at the spatial location of street children in my community and in K ingston.The focus will then move to who they are, why they are on the streets and the activities in which they are engaged. It will also examine how effective institutions are in meeting the needs of the children. This is done in an attempt to determine whether or not there is hope for these children. This project will conclude by making suggestions on how to give hope to street children. Waugh, (2000), describes urbanization as the process by which an increasing proportion of the total population, usually of a country, lives in towns and cities. This growth is due to natural increase and to a larger extent rural-urban migration.Map 1,page 2, shows that the most densely populated parishes are in the areas of the Kingston Metropolitan Region, which includes Kingston, St. Andrew and St. Catherine, (Census 2001). Urbanization in these areas has placed stress on the available resources and has led to overcrowding, which in turn has led to several problems. These include shortages of hou ses and the development of slums/ghettos, crime and violence, unemployment and underemployment and the incidence of street people specifically, children. The stance of this project is that street children are victims of urbanization.Agnelli, 1986 confirms our stance when he wrote that the phenomenon of street children is urban in nature, as there are no rural street children. Map 2, page 3, further confirms this. [pic] [pic] The writer of this project define Street children as those children who are under the age of seventeen years who live or work on the streets as a regular daily activity. This is endorsed by Lusk et. al (1992) in an article entitled Children in need, described street children as any child for whom the street has become his or her habitual abode and /or source of livelihood, and who is inadequately protected, supervised, or directed by adults.In an interview with a social worker, the profile of a street child was outlined; he mistrust people, he enjoys his indepen dence, he tends to be rebellious, he dislikes authoritarianism or ridged control, he can be rehabilitated, he can cope under difficult circumstances and he is nomadic. The writers of this article indicated that there are three categories of street children: Children on the streets – are those who still have links with families and attend school, but work on the streets outside of school hours.Children of the streets – are those whose links with the family are remote and who consider the street to be their home. Abandoned children – are those who are completely on their own and have no links with their families. Numerous reasons have been given to explain the presence of the children on the roads. A Gleaner article of August 23, 2011 highlighted three reasons: It claimed that some children are orphaned as their parents were killed in shooting sprees in the inner city areas, some parents have migrated and have left them in the care of uncaring relatives, friends a nd older siblings.In another article found in the Sunday Gleaner on August 25, 2011, the writer quoted the former project coordinator of Wings, in saying that the boys were put out of their homes by their parents, and that some were coerced into the streets because of overcrowded homes. In another article found in the Gleaner on March 15, 2002, the writer critically stated that the children were on the streets because they were either truants from the school system or a product of dysfunctional families.From our research, we have found that a typical street child is a 12-year-old boy from a female- headed household, the average size of which is five persons, where his guardian either is unemployed or marginally employed. The responses from the questionnaire regarding the reason for their absence from school suggest that socio-economic deprivation is indeed a major factor. Some even responded sayings that they were forced peddle wares on the streets to supplement the family’s income; others were suspended or expelled from school, while there were a few who stated that there was no reason.Irregular school attendance for those who are actually enrolled into a school is a popular feature found among the street children interviewed. Many went to school only three days per week; using the remaining days of the week to perform their personal activities. For those who were absent from school only once or twice per week, Thursday and Friday were their preferred days to be absent. This they stated enabled them to go to the market to beg and or sell. Thursday is the wholesale day in the major retail market and Friday being payday, is a popular market day for workers in the urban centres.These days proved to be most profitable for these child labourers as they earn much of their money transporting goods for the shoppers. Based on the responses of the children from the questionnaire, it is possible to assess and determine the main â€Å"push factors† which ha s inevitably resulted in them being on the street. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INCREASING NUMBER OF STREET CHILDREN 11% 30%State 19% 33% Parents Abusers Peers 7%Severe Poverty Push Factors a) The state – Overcrowding of the educational or childcare system is the primary cause for movement of the children from the institutions provided.The state neglects their responsibilities by not adequately funding these institutions. The signs were evident in the inner city schools visited where the teacher – pupil ratio is about 1:60. In addition, the lack of desk and chairs, stationery and other vital equipment causes discomfort for the students and teachers. b) The consequences of the actions of parents such as neglect, migration or directly sending their children out on the streets, forces them to fend for themselves hence causing child labour. ) Physical, sexual or emotional abuse, caused by parents or guardians usually leads to the child running away from home and thereby bei ng forced into child labour d) Peer pressure –The feeling of inadequacy at school discourages then from wanting to learn, especially if they are being teased and ridiculed and hence they are push into child labour. e) Severe poverty – The children are forced unto the streets to supplement the inadequate income of the household, often following the laying off from work of the primary caregiver. ) Those who enter into child labour primarily of their own volition, in order to help out their parents or to become more independent themselves; and g) Those entering as a direct result of family crisis like the illness or death of the primary caregiver. Pull Factors A. â€Å"Pop Culture† influences children, in that it dictates the clothing and styles to be worn in order for them to be considered fashionable. When children of a poor socio economic background see their friends in the latest fashions, living a carefree life without any responsibilities this entices them to want to follow this trend.However due to their poor financial circumstances they are unable to afford these trends, hence leading them to go out and fend or work for themselves in an attempt to afford these styles. B. In a paper published by David Dunkley’s on February 11, 1999, Turf wars were cited as one of the reasons for boys not returning home at nights. From having spoken to street children ourselves, we saw that this was in fact one of the reasons many felt they could not return home at nights and so remained on the streets, as they feared for their lives.Others received money, protection and the needed support from the â€Å"don† (local area leader), who used them as carriers for their illicit wares. On interviewing these children, we also realized that a few of them had behavioral problems. It was found that the children, who exhibited extreme forms of behavioral problems, were from larger families with one or no parent and were the ones who were particularly into sporadic school attendance. They were the ones who were also from depressed communities where overcrowding was a problem and living conditions were poor.During our research, a child highlighted some of his reason for being on the streets. He reported that he lived in a single room house with his mother and other siblings and was forced to leave the house when his mother was â€Å"entertaining†. Another child, who resided with his grandparent, complained that he could not live with her because she was miserable and demanding. Hence he avoided going home as he disliked the living conditions and is thereby a street child. In our survey, 92% of the children were boys and they were involved in a number of activities: they pushed carts, they carried people’s luggage.They sold items for others, they bought and sold items, some went to sea and some were there just to check their â€Å"brethren†. One little boy in particular said that when he is on the street he â €Å"run up an’ down†. Not surprisingly though is the fact that the majority are involved in one or another economic activity. In fact 75% admitted to be so involved. These activities, according to these children yield great returns. In 1986 children were making a maximum of $21. 00 per day, now 75% of them made over $1000. 00 per day. One child stated that he made over $1,800. 0 per day. Seventeen percent of them were reluctant to reveal their daily earnings or simply did not know. If these figures are truly representative of what a child makes on the street, it is no wonder that they are willing to remain there regardless of the harsh treatment, which is meted out to them by the general public. It is evident that the economic pull to street life is greater now than in the 1980s and 1990s. Hence this remains a major factor for children being on the streets. When we question, â€Å"Why are these children living on the streets in my community? there are many reasons and excuses. Many are in search of love and acceptance; others see it as a means of survival or an outlet. The real question however is, â€Å"Is there hope for these children? † In answering the question, is there hope for these children, one would be tempted to give a resounding yes. But can this be justified? The plight of the street children has not been ignored by the Jamaican Government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and International organizations. In fact, programmes have been put in place to alleviate problems of child labour in Kingston.These include RISE Life Management who plays a great role in my community, Children First, Hope for Children, The Possibility Programme, St. Andrew Care Centre, the National Initiative for Street Children (NISC), Tackle Child Labour by the International Labour Organization and the Socialization Project by the Kingston Restoration Company. Mainly the United Children Educational Foundation (UNICEF) funds many of these programmes. All of the named institutions have been established to alleviate problems of child labor and neglected children in the metropolitan area.Most of these institutions aim at giving these children institution Management provides counseling, classes and youth programs for street children in my community. Children First aims at reintroducing them into the formal school system. It reunites them with their families and monitors their attendance in the government schools. Map 3 shows their specific location in Kingston, and proximity to my community the main study area. The residence of the street children are located in mostly densely populated homes where the standard of living is low and living conditions harsh.Many of the institutions that are put in place to help them are located within the community or close by. [pic] In these institutions, a number of activities are planned for the children, some outside the classroom. All the organizations have regular school activities inclusive of Mathematics, English, Reading, Social Studies, Science, and Computing. At Children First there is a thematic teaching system in which themes are chosen by the students, for example, â€Å"Children Rights†. They also offer skills training programs such as cosmetology, barbering and photography. At NISC,Children First for example, has aided a number of students to attend universities both local and international. For example, there is a student studying medicine in Cuba, and one, at The Edna Manley School Of Art is studying to become an actor. Two-thirds of the staff is graduates of the program. Mrs. Pious, executive director of Children First has found that in order to improve the lives of the children, it is often necessary to improve the lives of the parents or guardians as well. As a result, the program has enabled many parents to start small businesses such as chicken rearing, ewing and goat rearing. At Hope for Children, students have been involved in drama. A few of thei r past productions include â€Å"Come Listen to We†, â€Å"Wicked Reality† and â€Å"Man, Woman and Child†. The street children in my community seemed very ambitious and their occupational aspirations were wide and varied. Figure 2 shows the career choice of the street children. DESIRED OCCUPATION OF THE STREET CHILDREN 10 8 6 4 2 0 OCCUPATIONS What is noticeable is that only the needs of the carpenter and the fisherman and to a lesser extent that of a truck driver are catered to by these institution.The implication of this is that if they boys are taken off the street and placed in any of these institutions, their aspirations would not be met. The formal educational institutions however could meet their goals, but they have to, to a large extent turn their backs on these institutions. One still have to wonder, is there hope for these children? What is heartening is that the children, although they were on the street, thought that education was important and tha t it was the only way for them to achieve their goals. In fact, 83% of them believe that education is important in their acquiring their career goals.It is often times said that where there is a will there is a way. Even though many of the children have the desire to attain upper socio-economic mobility, they were often times forced to attend these institutions. When the Administrators were asked about the institutionalization of the children, they indicated that few children came in voluntarily. In fact, Most of the children were sent there by parents, concerned citizens and police officers. Overall, having been forced to attend has caused them to be defiant and hostile to the programme.At Children First most of the children attend voluntarily and hence their level of success is greater. We also found from our interview that 6% of the children did not even know where the institutions were located or even that they existed. Overall, from my observation, the programmes I have studied have shown a level of success. But in light of the negative aspects, which we have observed, I recommend the following: 1. A public education programme on radio and television, which highlights why contributions should be given directly to the programmes in place instead of the children. . Implementing more self-help schemes for the parents or guardians of the street children, that is, helping them to generate a steady income. 3. Government should make the needs of street children one of its priorities. More money should be allocated to these programmes to effect changes. 4. Make the public aware of the plight of our nation’s future through the introduction of a Street Children Day in Child month and Media coverage (when people become aware, they will become sympathetic and generous). DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT Sample of Questionnaire 1. Gender Tick (/)Male ( )Female ( ) 2. Age 10-11 years ( )12-13 years ( )14-15 years ( )16-17 years ( ) 3. How long have you been on the stre ets? 6 months-1 year ( )2-3 years ( )4-5 years ( )6 years and over ( ) 4. When you were at home, what type of family did you live in? Single ( )Nuclear ( )Extended ( ) Other ( ) 5. Do you plan on returning home? Yes ( ) No ( ) 6. Do you like living on the street? Yes ( ) No ( ) 7. What are some of the factors that are responsible for you becoming a street child? Abandoned by parents ( )Disruptive behaviors/can’t be controlled ( )Ran away from home ( )Other ( ) 8. What was the main punishment received at home? Beating/Flogging ( )Indecent language ( )Being put to starve ( ) Other ( ) 9. What type of relationship do you have with your family now that you are on the streets? Excellent ( )Poor ( ) Fair ( ) None ( ) 10. Do you think its better being on the streets that at home? Yes ( ) No ( ) If yes why? ______________________________________________________________ 11. How do you provide for yourself on the streets? Begging ( )Stealing ( )Searching household garbage ( ) 12. Do yo u ever wish you never left home?Yes ( )No ( ) 13. How does being a street child affect you emotionally? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 14. How does being a street child affect your physical appearance? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 15. Were you in school? Yes ( )No ( ) 16. If yes what grade/form where you in? 17. Are you able to read and write? Yes ( )No ( ) 18.What are the measures that can be taken to get street children off the streets? Put them in state homes ( ) Have counseling sessions with them and put them up for adoption ( ) Establish laws to punish parents who contribute to their child being on the streets ( ) 19. Do you think the measures will work for you? Yes ( ) No ( ) Maybe ( ) 20. What can persons who wish to become parents do to avoid chil dren leaving home to live on the streets? Attend parenting sessions on how to care for the child ( ) Talk to the child/children to find out what is bothering them ( )Get involved in activities at the child school to see how well they are doing () BIBLIOGRAPHY Agnelli (1986), Street Children- A growing urban tragedy -Report for the Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues Boyce-Reid, k. (1993) A Report on Street Children Projects http://gvnet. com/streetchildren/Jamaica. htm David Dunkley(1999) :Street Children- effects of urbanization ———————– School Based Assessment on Street Children in my community FISHERMAN FIRE MAN CARPENTER PERCENTAGES DOCTOR BUSINESS MAN TEACHER TRUCK DRIVER BANK CLERK Stall Cart Street Children [pic] NAME OF CANDIDATE: CENTER #: CANDIDATE #: TERITORY: JAMAICA YEAR: 2013 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Street children in my community ? What are the factors that influence children to live on the streets? ? What are the measures that can be taken to get them into homes/places of safety? RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. What are the factors that influence children to live on the streets? 2. What are the effects of living on the streets affects these children? 3. What are the measures that can be taken to get street children off the streets? METHOD OF INVESTIGATION The method of investigation chosen is the questionnaire.The questionnaire as chosen as a tool for collecting information because of a number of advantages they are: 1. It requires less time to be completed. 2. It is highly confidential since no name is required. 3. It can be done base on the person’s schedule. REASON FOR SELECTING AREA OF RESEARCH The area in which the research will be done is the down town area. The reason for sele cting this particular area is as a result of the high rate of street children on the streets of down town. It was observed that these children have been on the street on several occasions. I want to explore the causes and effects of their phenomena.PROCEDURES FOR DATA COLLECTION In the area of Down Town Kingston there are thousands of different streets. Some of which are more crowded with street children than others. There was a minimum of 1 street children present on these streets and a maximum of 2. In the less crowded streets of the area, 10 street children were present respectively, questionnaires were given to each. On the streets which were less crowded 6 males were present and 4 females, their ages from 10-17 years. On the street that was more crowded, 16 males and 4 females present their ages also ranged from 10-17 years.When approached and asked if they would complete the questionnaire some demanded money while others immediately agreed, no one refused. Some needed little o r no help. 30 questionnaires were issued, all of which were complete and returned immediately to the researcher who waited on them patiently. When they were finished and counted 8 females and 22 males actually completed the questionnaires. DATA ANALYSIS Street children, where is their place in society? Red Rat, a local DJ aptly describes Jamaicans view on the home of street children when he sang that they â€Å"No Live Nuh Wey†.His song also highlights the hardship experienced by children, the activities they get involved in and their aspirations. This project then, seeks to answer two main questions: 1. Why are these children living on the streets of my community? 2. What are the measures that can be taken to get street children off the streets? In order to provide a comprehensive answer to these two questions, the project will first look at the major cause of this phenomenon, urbanization. It will then look at the spatial location of street children in my community and in K ingston.The focus will then move to who they are, why they are on the streets and the activities in which they are engaged. It will also examine how effective institutions are in meeting the needs of the children. This is done in an attempt to determine whether or not there is hope for these children. This project will conclude by making suggestions on how to give hope to street children. Waugh, (2000), describes urbanization as the process by which an increasing proportion of the total population, usually of a country, lives in towns and cities. This growth is due to natural increase and to a larger extent rural-urban migration.Map 1,page 2, shows that the most densely populated parishes are in the areas of the Kingston Metropolitan Region, which includes Kingston, St. Andrew and St. Catherine, (Census 2001). Urbanization in these areas has placed stress on the available resources and has led to overcrowding, which in turn has led to several problems. These include shortages of hou ses and the development of slums/ghettos, crime and violence, unemployment and underemployment and the incidence of street people specifically, children. The stance of this project is that street children are victims of urbanization.Agnelli, 1986 confirms our stance when he wrote that the phenomenon of street children is urban in nature, as there are no rural street children. Map 2, page 3, further confirms this. [pic] [pic] The writer of this project define Street children as those children who are under the age of seventeen years who live or work on the streets as a regular daily activity. This is endorsed by Lusk et. al (1992) in an article entitled Children in need, described street children as any child for whom the street has become his or her habitual abode and /or source of livelihood, and who is inadequately protected, supervised, or directed by adults.In an interview with a social worker, the profile of a street child was outlined; he mistrust people, he enjoys his indepen dence, he tends to be rebellious, he dislikes authoritarianism or ridged control, he can be rehabilitated, he can cope under difficult circumstances and he is nomadic. The writers of this article indicated that there are three categories of street children: Children on the streets – are those who still have links with families and attend school, but work on the streets outside of school hours.Children of the streets – are those whose links with the family are remote and who consider the street to be their home. Abandoned children – are those who are completely on their own and have no links with their families. Numerous reasons have been given to explain the presence of the children on the roads. A Gleaner article of August 23, 2011 highlighted three reasons: It claimed that some children are orphaned as their parents were killed in shooting sprees in the inner city areas, some parents have migrated and have left them in the care of uncaring relatives, friends a nd older siblings.In another article found in the Sunday Gleaner on August 25, 2011, the writer quoted the former project coordinator of Wings, in saying that the boys were put out of their homes by their parents, and that some were coerced into the streets because of overcrowded homes. In another article found in the Gleaner on March 15, 2002, the writer critically stated that the children were on the streets because they were either truants from the school system or a product of dysfunctional families.From our research, we have found that a typical street child is a 12-year-old boy from a female- headed household, the average size of which is five persons, where his guardian either is unemployed or marginally employed. The responses from the questionnaire regarding the reason for their absence from school suggest that socio-economic deprivation is indeed a major factor. Some even responded sayings that they were forced peddle wares on the streets to supplement the family’s income; others were suspended or expelled from school, while there were a few who stated that there was no reason.Irregular school attendance for those who are actually enrolled into a school is a popular feature found among the street children interviewed. Many went to school only three days per week; using the remaining days of the week to perform their personal activities. For those who were absent from school only once or twice per week, Thursday and Friday were their preferred days to be absent. This they stated enabled them to go to the market to beg and or sell. Thursday is the wholesale day in the major retail market and Friday being payday, is a popular market day for workers in the urban centres.These days proved to be most profitable for these child labourers as they earn much of their money transporting goods for the shoppers. Based on the responses of the children from the questionnaire, it is possible to assess and determine the main â€Å"push factors† which ha s inevitably resulted in them being on the street. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INCREASING NUMBER OF STREET CHILDREN 11% 30%State 19% 33% Parents Abusers Peers 7%Severe Poverty Push Factors a) The state – Overcrowding of the educational or childcare system is the primary cause for movement of the children from the institutions provided.The state neglects their responsibilities by not adequately funding these institutions. The signs were evident in the inner city schools visited where the teacher – pupil ratio is about 1:60. In addition, the lack of desk and chairs, stationery and other vital equipment causes discomfort for the students and teachers. b) The consequences of the actions of parents such as neglect, migration or directly sending their children out on the streets, forces them to fend for themselves hence causing child labour. ) Physical, sexual or emotional abuse, caused by parents or guardians usually leads to the child running away from home and thereby bei ng forced into child labour d) Peer pressure –The feeling of inadequacy at school discourages then from wanting to learn, especially if they are being teased and ridiculed and hence they are push into child labour. e) Severe poverty – The children are forced unto the streets to supplement the inadequate income of the household, often following the laying off from work of the primary caregiver. ) Those who enter into child labour primarily of their own volition, in order to help out their parents or to become more independent themselves; and g) Those entering as a direct result of family crisis like the illness or death of the primary caregiver. Pull Factors A. â€Å"Pop Culture† influences children, in that it dictates the clothing and styles to be worn in order for them to be considered fashionable. When children of a poor socio economic background see their friends in the latest fashions, living a carefree life without any responsibilities this entices them to want to follow this trend.However due to their poor financial circumstances they are unable to afford these trends, hence leading them to go out and fend or work for themselves in an attempt to afford these styles. B. In a paper published by David Dunkley’s on February 11, 1999, Turf wars were cited as one of the reasons for boys not returning home at nights. From having spoken to street children ourselves, we saw that this was in fact one of the reasons many felt they could not return home at nights and so remained on the streets, as they feared for their lives.Others received money, protection and the needed support from the â€Å"don† (local area leader), who used them as carriers for their illicit wares. On interviewing these children, we also realized that a few of them had behavioral problems. It was found that the children, who exhibited extreme forms of behavioral problems, were from larger families with one or no parent and were the ones who were particularly into sporadic school attendance. They were the ones who were also from depressed communities where overcrowding was a problem and living conditions were poor.During our research, a child highlighted some of his reason for being on the streets. He reported that he lived in a single room house with his mother and other siblings and was forced to leave the house when his mother was â€Å"entertaining†. Another child, who resided with his grandparent, complained that he could not live with her because she was miserable and demanding. Hence he avoided going home as he disliked the living conditions and is thereby a street child. In our survey, 92% of the children were boys and they were involved in a number of activities: they pushed carts, they carried people’s luggage.They sold items for others, they bought and sold items, some went to sea and some were there just to check their â€Å"brethren†. One little boy in particular said that when he is on the street he â €Å"run up an’ down†. Not surprisingly though is the fact that the majority are involved in one or another economic activity. In fact 75% admitted to be so involved. These activities, according to these children yield great returns. In 1986 children were making a maximum of $21. 00 per day, now 75% of them made over $1000. 00 per day. One child stated that he made over $1,800. 0 per day. Seventeen percent of them were reluctant to reveal their daily earnings or simply did not know. If these figures are truly representative of what a child makes on the street, it is no wonder that they are willing to remain there regardless of the harsh treatment, which is meted out to them by the general public. It is evident that the economic pull to street life is greater now than in the 1980s and 1990s. Hence this remains a major factor for children being on the streets. When we question, â€Å"Why are these children living on the streets in my community? there are many reasons and excuses. Many are in search of love and acceptance; others see it as a means of survival or an outlet. The real question however is, â€Å"Is there hope for these children? † In answering the question, is there hope for these children, one would be tempted to give a resounding yes. But can this be justified? The plight of the street children has not been ignored by the Jamaican Government, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and International organizations. In fact, programmes have been put in place to alleviate problems of child labour in Kingston.These include RISE Life Management who plays a great role in my community, Children First, Hope for Children, The Possibility Programme, St. Andrew Care Centre, the National Initiative for Street Children (NISC), Tackle Child Labour by the International Labour Organization and the Socialization Project by the Kingston Restoration Company. Mainly the United Children Educational Foundation (UNICEF) funds many of these programmes. All of the named institutions have been established to alleviate problems of child labor and neglected children in the metropolitan area.Most of these institutions aim at giving these children institution Management provides counseling, classes and youth programs for street children in my community. Children First aims at reintroducing them into the formal school system. It reunites them with their families and monitors their attendance in the government schools. Map 3 shows their specific location in Kingston, and proximity to my community the main study area. The residence of the street children are located in mostly densely populated homes where the standard of living is low and living conditions harsh.Many of the institutions that are put in place to help them are located within the community or close by. [pic] In these institutions, a number of activities are planned for the children, some outside the classroom. All the organizations have regular school activities inclusive of Mathematics, English, Reading, Social Studies, Science, and Computing. At Children First there is a thematic teaching system in which themes are chosen by the students, for example, â€Å"Children Rights†. They also offer skills training programs such as cosmetology, barbering and photography. At NISC,Children First for example, has aided a number of students to attend universities both local and international. For example, there is a student studying medicine in Cuba, and one, at The Edna Manley School Of Art is studying to become an actor. Two-thirds of the staff is graduates of the program. Mrs. Pious, executive director of Children First has found that in order to improve the lives of the children, it is often necessary to improve the lives of the parents or guardians as well. As a result, the program has enabled many parents to start small businesses such as chicken rearing, ewing and goat rearing. At Hope for Children, students have been involved in drama. A few of thei r past productions include â€Å"Come Listen to We†, â€Å"Wicked Reality† and â€Å"Man, Woman and Child†. The street children in my community seemed very ambitious and their occupational aspirations were wide and varied. Figure 2 shows the career choice of the street children. DESIRED OCCUPATION OF THE STREET CHILDREN 10 8 6 4 2 0 OCCUPATIONS What is noticeable is that only the needs of the carpenter and the fisherman and to a lesser extent that of a truck driver are catered to by these institution.The implication of this is that if they boys are taken off the street and placed in any of these institutions, their aspirations would not be met. The formal educational institutions however could meet their goals, but they have to, to a large extent turn their backs on these institutions. One still have to wonder, is there hope for these children? What is heartening is that the children, although they were on the street, thought that education was important and tha t it was the only way for them to achieve their goals. In fact, 83% of them believe that education is important in their acquiring their career goals.It is often times said that where there is a will there is a way. Even though many of the children have the desire to attain upper socio-economic mobility, they were often times forced to attend these institutions. When the Administrators were asked about the institutionalization of the children, they indicated that few children came in voluntarily. In fact, Most of the children were sent there by parents, concerned citizens and police officers. Overall, having been forced to attend has caused them to be defiant and hostile to the programme.At Children First most of the children attend voluntarily and hence their level of success is greater. We also found from our interview that 6% of the children did not even know where the institutions were located or even that they existed. Overall, from my observation, the programmes I have studied have shown a level of success. But in light of the negative aspects, which we have observed, I recommend the following: 1. A public education programme on radio and television, which highlights why contributions should be given directly to the programmes in place instead of the children. . Implementing more self-help schemes for the parents or guardians of the street children, that is, helping them to generate a steady income. 3. Government should make the needs of street children one of its priorities. More money should be allocated to these programmes to effect changes. 4. Make the public aware of the plight of our nation’s future through the introduction of a Street Children Day in Child month and Media coverage (when people become aware, they will become sympathetic and generous). DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT Sample of Questionnaire 1. Gender Tick (/)Male ( )Female ( ) 2. Age 10-11 years ( )12-13 years ( )14-15 years ( )16-17 years ( ) 3. How long have you been on the stre ets? 6 months-1 year ( )2-3 years ( )4-5 years ( )6 years and over ( ) 4. When you were at home, what type of family did you live in? Single ( )Nuclear ( )Extended ( ) Other ( ) 5. Do you plan on returning home? Yes ( ) No ( ) 6. Do you like living on the street? Yes ( ) No ( ) 7. What are some of the factors that are responsible for you becoming a street child? Abandoned by parents ( )Disruptive behaviors/can’t be controlled ( )Ran away from home ( )Other ( ) 8. What was the main punishment received at home? Beating/Flogging ( )Indecent language ( )Being put to starve ( ) Other ( ) 9. What type of relationship do you have with your family now that you are on the streets? Excellent ( )Poor ( ) Fair ( ) None ( ) 10. Do you think its better being on the streets that at home? Yes ( ) No ( ) If yes why? ______________________________________________________________ 11. How do you provide for yourself on the streets? Begging ( )Stealing ( )Searching household garbage ( ) 12. Do yo u ever wish you never left home?Yes ( )No ( ) 13. How does being a street child affect you emotionally? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 14. How does being a street child affect your physical appearance? ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 15. Were you in school? Yes ( )No ( ) 16. If yes what grade/form where you in? 17. Are you able to read and write? Yes ( )No ( ) 18.What are the measures that can be taken to get street children off the streets? Put them in state homes ( ) Have counseling sessions with them and put them up for adoption ( ) Establish laws to punish parents who contribute to their child being on the streets ( ) 19. Do you think the measures will work for you? Yes ( ) No ( ) Maybe ( ) 20. What can persons who wish to become parents do to avoid chil dren leaving home to live on the streets? Attend parenting sessions on how to care for the child ( ) Talk to the child/children to find out what is bothering them ( )Get involved in activities at the child school to see how well they are doing () BIBLIOGRAPHY Agnelli (1986), Street Children- A growing urban tragedy -Report for the Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues Boyce-Reid, k. (1993) A Report on Street Children Projects http://gvnet. com/streetchildren/Jamaica. htm David Dunkley(1999) :Street Children- effects of urbanization ———————– School Based Assessment on Street Children in my community FISHERMAN FIRE MAN CARPENTER PERCENTAGES DOCTOR BUSINESS MAN TEACHER TRUCK DRIVER BANK CLERK Stall Cart